Standardize detector failure reporting and exception handling

[cobya]

Across the various component detectors, there is a lack of standardized exception handling and error reporting via logger output. This leads to inconsistent user experience when detection for a specific ecosystem fails.

Tasks

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1. Define a standard exception handling and log output practice across detectors
2. Update all related exception handling
3. Create a standard telemetry object which will be published on
4. Docs updates for the new detector guidance

This change will be released with other breaking changes planned for Component Detection v5. See tracking issue TBD.